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golden trevally
The golden trevally, ''Gnathanodon speciosus'' (also known as the golden kingfish, banded trevally and king trevally), is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, and the only member of the genus ''Gnathanodon''. The golden trevally is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to Central America in the east, extending to Japan in the north and Australia in the south. The species predominantly occupies inshore waters where it inhabits both reef and sandy substrates. The golden trevally is easily distinguished from its relatives by its fleshy, rubbery lips and unique colouration, which ranges from bright yellow with black bars as a juvenile to a golden-silvery colour as an adult. It is known to grow to 120 cm in length and 15 kg in weight. The golden trevally schools as a juvenile, often closely following larger objects including sharks and jellyfish. The species uses its protractile jaws to suck out prey from the sand or reef, and consumes a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Spawning aggregations gather at night at different times of the year throughout its range. The golden trevally is a considerable constituent of several Middle Eastern fisheries and being of minor importance to many others, with a worldwide annual catch of 1187 t to 3475 t recorded between 2000 and 2010. The golden trevally is a popular gamefish, taken by bait, lure, fly and also spear throughout its range. Several Asian countries currently farm the fish in caged aquaculture. Due to their brilliant colouration, juveniles are popular in marine aquaria.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
The golden trevally is the only member of the monotypic genus ''Gnathanodon'', which is one of the thirty genera in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, a group of perciform fishes in the suborder Percoidei.
The species was scientifically described for the first time by the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål in 1775. Forsskål referred the species to the genus ''Scomber'', where many jacks were placed before the recognition of the family Carangidae. The species is initially referred with two epithets; ''Scomber rim, speciosus'' in this publication; however the following page names it as ''Scomber speciosus'' with 'rim' given as a transcription of the species' Arabic name. Consequently, authorities regard ''Scomber rim'' as a junior synonym. Forsskål's description was based on an individual from the Red Sea off Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The holotype has since been lost and a neotype was invalidly designated by Ronald Fricke in 1999. The specific epithet ''speciosus'' is Latin for beautiful. The species was transferred to ''Caranx'' before the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker placed it in its own genus ''Gnathanodon'', with this name derived from the Latin for 'toothless jaws'.〔 In addition to Forsskål's naming, seven other later names have been ascribed to the fish, with all of these now recognised as invalid junior synonyms under ICZN rules.〔 The species common names generally refer to its appearance with 'golden trevally' (or kingfish), 'banded trevally' and 'king trevally' used. In Hawaii the species is referred to as the 'yellow ulua' or 'papio'.
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Carangidae-based primarily on osteology by Soko Gushiken found that ''Gnathanodon'' is closely related to and forms a monophyletic group with ''Caranx''. The species has yet to be included in any molecular phylogeny study of the family.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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